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PINNIPEDS Sea Lions, Walrus and Seals |
| PHYLUM: Chordata | CLASS Mammalia | SUBCLASS: Eutheria | ORDER: Carnivora | ||
| Introduction | Clasification | Morsas | Sea Lions | Seals | |
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We are working in translation. If you need a copy in english, please send us a message and we will send a copy to you in a week Los pinnípedos (que significa mamíferos con aletas), son los más conocidos de los mamíferos marinos ya que son muy comunes en ocenarios, acuarios, circos y otros espectáculos donde se utilizan animales marinos. Al tener que salir fuera del agua para reproducir, son también muy frecuentes en muchas costas del mundo. Estos animales están tremendamente adaptados a una vida acuática. Tienen cuerpos hidrodinámicos con perfiles suaves y con extremedidades cortas para no causar resistencia al agua. La cabeza es suave y redondeada sin o con muy pequeños oídos. Los miembros anteriores y posteriores están modificados hasta convertirse prácticamente en aletas, aunque la mayoría de ellos utilizan estos miembros para asistirse en los movimientos en tierra (lo que por cierto es muy dificultoso para ellos). El cuerpo tiene una capa gruesa de grasa subcutánea que le ayuda a reducir la pérdida de calor, y tiene mecanismos fisiológicos o funcionales muy complejos para reducir la pérdida de calor en las aletas. Los oídos y nariz tienen músculos poderosos para mantenerlos cerrados mientras los animales están buceando a grandes profundidades. Las modificaciones más importantes en estos animales, respecto a sus parientes terrestres (los carnívoros) son; su forma externa, el sistema respiratorio, el sistema cardiovascular y el método de locomoción. La estructura y función del corazón de los pinnípedos es muy similar al patrón de la mayoría de los mamíferos. El sistema arterial permanece sin modificaciones y el sistema venoso ha sido altamente adaptado a la vida en el mar. El monto total de sangre en relación con el tamaño del cuerpo es mayor, ya que en el buceo se necesita aumentar el monto de oxígeno y el medio de transporte dentro del cuerpo. Las venas yugulares han sido reducidas y ha sufrido un cambio en la cantidad y disposición del sistema venoso de modo de distribuir más eficientemente la sangre dentro del cuerpos (que suelen ser muy grandes). El sistema digestivo es muy sencillo, al igual que el resto de los mamíferos ya que no necesitan de estructuras especiales para digerir celulosa. Su fuente principal de alimento la constituyen peces, calamares, pulpos, pingüinos, cachorros de otros pinnípedos, etc. Tienen un set de dientes muy eficientes para asegurar y destrozar a las presas. El estómago tiene un contenido alto de piedras, las cuales les ayudarían a estos animales en la estabilización dentro del agua. Respecto a su distribución en general se encuentran en aguas frías y raramente se los encuentra en aguas superiores a los 20° C. La mayor adaptación de estos animales la constituye su necesidad de bucear a grandes profundidades para obtener su alimento. Los elefantes marinos del norte, se sabe que bajan a más de 1000 metros de profundidad, lo cual es toda una proeza para un mamífero (y para algunos submarinos) debido a las grandes presiones que hay a esa profundidad. Entre los mecanismos para aguantar tanto tiempo debajo del agua, utilizan una mayor proporción de sangre en el cuerpo, bajan la tasa metabólica basal, eliminan la circulación de sangre al cuerpo dejando solamente irrigado el cerebro mediante un sistema de válvulas. Hay que tener en cuenta que estos animales viven prácticamente toda su vida mar adentro, nadando y buceando y solamente salen a tierra en la época reproductiva (varias especies permanecen en ayuno durante la reproducción). Al contrario de los cetáceos, estos animales deben salir fuera del agua para reproducir, esa es la razón por la cual se sabe mucho más de comportamiento reproductivo de estos animales que de los cetáceos (sencillamente porque es más fácil estudiarlos en tierra que en el agua). Existe mucha variación entre las especies en cuanto a sus sistemas sociales de reproducción. Algunas especies reproducen en grandes grupos comunales, con harenes formados por cientos de hembras por macho, mientras que otras especies reproducen en forma solitaria. En los animales que forman harenes (polígamos, donde un macho tiene muchas hembras) los machos se tornan agresivos y territoriales. Generalmente los machos llegan primero a la costa y luego van obteniendo hembras, posteriormente a ganar territorios por peleas con otros machos. En el caso de especies migradoras, las hembras arriban inmediatamente antes de que nazcan sus crías, las cuales quedan contenidas dentro del harén y son "protegidas" por el macho. Las cópulas ocurren inmediatamente después del parto y la hembra entra en estro En las especies que forman harenes, los machos son considerablemente más grandes que las hembras, mientras que en especies que aparean en el agua no forman harenes y hay muy poca diferencia entre los sexos (no hay dimorfismo sexual). El nacimiento de las crías toma lugar en tierra sin ninguna intervención en cuanto al parto por parte de la madre o del padre. El cordón umbilical se corta solamente con el movimiento producido por la madre y la cría. La madre reconoce a la cría por sonidos y por el olor. El tiempo de cuidado de crías varía entre especies, por ejemplo las morsas tienen un cuidado muy prolongado mientras que algunas focas solamente cuidan y amamantan a las crías por dos semanas. Los machos en general no intervienen en el cuidado de las crías, solamente prestan atención al cuidado del territorio y de las hembras. |
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El orden de los carnívoros no sólo incluye a los carnívoros dominantes sobre la tierra, los felinos, los perros y los osos, sino también a un grupo próspero de carnívoros marinos, reunidos con el nombre de pinnípedos. Incluyen a los conocidos leones marinos y los otarios (otáridos), las morsas (odobénidos) y las focas auténticas (fócidos). Todos ellos poseen extremidades modificadas en forma de aletas y de ahí deriva su nombre. Es probable que los pinnípedos aparecieran en el hemisferio norte durante el final del Oligoceno, hace unos 30 millones de años. Parece que no se difundieron hacia el sur hasta Mioceno, unos 10 millones de años después. En la Patagonia existen solamente dos de los tres tipos de pinnípedos, lobos y focas. El tercer tipo; los odobénidos o morsas solamente existen en el Océano Artico (en el hemisferio norte). Pinnipeds of the world: ORDER PINNIPEDIA (Sea Lions, Seals, Walruses) Family Otariidae Genus Eumetopias Eumetopias jubatus (northern sea lion) Genus Zalophus Zalophus californianus californianus (California sea lion) Zalophus californianus wollebaeki (Galapagos sea lion) Zalophus californianus japonicus (Japanese sea lion) Genus Otaria Otaria byronia (southern sea lion) Genus Neophoca Neophoca cinerea (Australian sea lion) Genus Phocarctos Phocarctos hookeri (New Zealand sea lion Genus Arctocephalus Arctocephalus townsendi (Guadalupe fur seal) Genus Arctocephalus Arctocephalus galapagoensis (Galapagos fur seal) Arctocephalus philippii (Juan Fernandez fur seal) Arctocephalus australis (South American fur seal) Arctocephalus australis australis (Falkland fur seal) Arctocephalus australis gracilis (South American fur seal) Arctocephalus tropicalis (Subantarctic fur seal) Arctocephalus gazella (Antarctic fur seal) Arctocephalus pusillus (South African fur seal) Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus (South African fur seal) Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus (Australian fur seal) Arctocephalus forsteri (New Zealand fur seal) Genus Callorhinus Callorhinus ursinus (northern fur seal) Family Phocidae Genus Halichoerus Halichoerus grypus (Grey seal) Genus Phoca Phoca vitulina (harbor seal) Phoca vitulina vitulina (Eastern Atlantic harbor seal) Phoca vitulina concolor (Western Atlantic harbor seal) Phoca vitulina mellonae (Ungava seal) Phoca vitulina stejnegeri (Insular seal) Phoca vitulina richardsi (Pacific harbor seal) Phoca largha (Larga seal) Phoca hispida (Ringed seal) Phoca hispida hispida (Arctic ringed seal) Phoca hispida krascheninikovi (Bering Sea ringed seal) Phoca hispida ochotensis (Okhotsk Sea ringed seal) Phoca hispida botnica (Baltic seal) Phoca hispida saimensis (Saimaa seal) Phoca hispida ladogensis (Ladoga seal) Phoca caspica (Caspian seal) Phoca sibirica (Baikal seal) Phoca groenlandica (harp seal) Phoca fasciata (ribbon seal) Genus Cystophera Cystophora cristata (hooded seal) Genus Erignatus Erignatus barbatus (bearded seal) Erignatus barbatus barbatus (Atlantic bearded seal) Erignatus barbatus nauticus (Pacific bearded seal) Genus Monachus Monachus monachus (Mediterranean monk seal) Monachus tropicalis (West Indian monk seal) Monachus schauinslandi (Hawaiian monk seal) Genus Leptonychotes Leptonychotes weddelli (Weddell seal) Ommatophoca Ommatophoca rossi (Ross seal) Genus Lobodon Lobodon carcinophagus (Crabeater seal) Genus Hydrurga Hydrurga leptonyx (Leopard seal) Genus Mirounga Mirounga leonina (Southern elephant seal) Mirounga angustirostris (Northern elephant seal) Family Odobenidae Genus Odobenus Odobenus rosmarus (walrus) Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus (Atlantic walrus) Odobenus rosmarus divergens (Pacific walrus) |
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Family Odobenidae |
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| A single Recent
species makes up this family, which was considerably more diverse in the past. Walruses
are found in northern seas, usually above 58 degrees latitude, but occasionally straying
further south. There's no mistaking a walrus. Males are huge (up to over 1200 kg), while females are somewhat smaller (up to over 850 kg). Their bodies are heavy, appearing swollen. Their heads are round and they have broad muzzles, well endowed with thick vibrissae that appear to form a moustache. They lack external ears. The skin is thick and wrinkled, with underlying blubber that may reach 15 cm in thickness. The hide, usually brown or yellow brown in color, has scattered hairs. Walruses have large, paddle-like forelimbs, which extend about 1/4 the length of the body. Their hind limbs, like those of otariids, can be rotated under their bodies and are useful in locomotion on land. The plantar surfaces of both limbs are roughened, probably to provide traction on ice. A large baculum is present in males. This structure, which may exceed 60 cm in length, is said to frequently show signs of healed fractures. The most conspicuous features of walruses are their tusks. These teeth are canines, which grow continuously and which may exceed 100 cm in length in males (60 cm in females). Enamel is present only at the tip of the tusk, and usually only for a brief time after it erupts. Most of the exposed tooth is dentine. The dental formula is 1/0, 1/1, 3/3, 0/0 = 18, but much variation exists among individuals. The cheek teeth are conical or flattened, perhaps specialized for crushing the mollusks and other marine invertebrates on which walruses feed. The skulls of walruses have alisphenoid canals and enormous mastoid processes. These processes support the powerful neck muscles that pull the head downward. Walruses lack the prominent supraorbital prcoesses seen in otariids. The occipital condyles flare widely and are placed low along the foramen magnum. The bony eustachian tube is large. Walruses also have an unusually strongly developed symphysis joining the lower jaws. Walruses are highly gregarious, forming herds of hundreds and sometimes more than 2000 individuals. They usually stay close to land or to ice masses, and they migrate seasonally as the position of the ice pack changes. Walruses are polygamous, but copulation takes place exclusively in the water. They are rapid, efficient swimmers and good divers, foraging at depths up to 90 m. Their senses of smell and hearing are poorly developed, but they have excellent vision, and the vibrissae on their snouts also provide tactile information. They are noisy animals out of water, bellowing and trumpeting, and it has been suggested that rasping and clicking noises made while swimming may indicate some use of echolocation. |
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Family Otariidae |
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| This family
includes 14 species in 7 genera. Their distribution is complex. In the Pacific, they are
found along the North and South American coasts, the coasts of central and northern Asia,
and on New Zealand and several other islands, including the Galapagos. In the South
Atlantic, otariids can be found along the South American coast and on a number of islands.
In the Indian Ocean, they are found only along the coast of SW Australia and on islands. Sea lions are large, ranging from around 150 kg to over 1000 kg, and males tend to be much larger than females. Their bodies are slender and elongate. Small, cartilaginous external ears are present. All otariids have fur. In the sea lions, relatively coarse hairs predominate, while in the fur seals, dense underfur is also present. Colors are generally shades of brown, without stripes or other contrasting markings. The fore flippers of otariids are long and paddle-like, more than 1/4 of the length of the body. Their surfaces are naked and leathery, and claws are present but small. The hind flippers are also large. They differ from those of true seals (phocids) in that they can be rotated under the animal when on land, partially supporting the body and helping in locomotion. Otariids also have a small but distinct tail. Males have a baculum. The skulls of otariids is bear-like. An alisphenoid canal is present, as are postorbital and supraorbital processes. The occipital condyles are located high on the back of the cranium. The bony part of the eustachian tube is not enlarged. The dental formula is 3/2, 1/1, 4/4, 1-3/1 = 34-38. Postcanine teeth are homodont and generally conical in shape. The first two incisors have a distinctive transverse groove that divides them into two cusps, while the third is canine-like. The canines are large, concial, and curved. Otariids tend to be highly social, forming large herds during the breeding season. Within these herds, individual males maintain harems. Males arrive on the breeding grounds before females and set up territories, which they defend aggressively. Females arrive and segregate into harems of 3 - 40 indidivuals, depending on the size and strength of the male. Soon after they arrive, females give birth to pups from the previous year's breeding season, and within a few days, enter estrous. Mating takes place on land. A period of delayed implantation insures that the young will be born in a year, when the breeding herds again form. These animals feed on fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans. Otariids are known from as early as the Early Miocene. Their phylogenetic relationships are discussed in the description of the order Carnivora. |
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Family Phocidae |
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| This diverse group
contains 19 species in 10 genera. Phocids are broadly distributed along coastlines above
30 degrees N latitude and south of 50 degree S latitude. Some species are also found at
intermediate tropical localities, and in a few freshwater lakes and rivers. Members of this family vary tremendously in size, from small ringed seals, which weigh around 90 kg, to massive elephant seals, the males of which weigh up to 3600 kg and are the largest of the pinnipeds. Their bodies are streamlined ("fusiform"). They lack any external ear. Forelimbs are relatively short, less than 25% of the length of the body and smaller than the hind flippers. They have well developed claws. The large hind flippers extend straight backward and cannot be brought under the body. On land, earless seals are awkward, moving by a combination of sliding and flexing their spines from side to side. Even so, some species are capable of moving faster than a human. Phocids have a short, stubby tail, and males have a well-developed baculum. Young of many phocids are covered with dense, soft, often white coats. In adults, the fur is often stiff and short, without an appreciable undercoat. A few species are nearly naked. Some have spotted or banded color patterns. A thick, insulating layer of blubber lies beneath the skin; the weight of the blubber may amount to more than 25% of the entire weight of the animal. The skulls of phocids nearly or completely lack postorbital processes, and the alisphenoid canal is also absent. The bullae are somewhat inflated. The dental formula is 2-3/1-2, 1/1, 4/4, 0-2/0-2 = 26-36. The upper incisors have simple, pointed crowns. The canines are long and pointed, and the cheek teeth usually have 3 cusps, but their structure varies considerably among species. In crab-eating seals, for example, the cheek teeth have complex cusps that make them into sort of a sieve, used for straining plankton. Most seals feed on fish, squid, octopus, and shellfish, but some take plankton, and one species catches penguins and small seals. The social structure of phocids varies from species to species. Some are monogamous or associate in small groups, while elephant seals are highly gregarious and polygamous. Most seals differ from sea lions, however, in that they do not congregate in the huge rookeries. Some species are migratory. Seals are accomplished divers. Their ability to reach great depths and stay under water for prolonged periods varies considerably from species to species. The champion diver may be the Weddell seal, which is known to reach depths of 600 m and to stay submerged for more than an hour. |
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| Paradiso,
J. L. 1975. Walker's Mammals of the World, Third Edition. Johns Hopkins University Press,
Baltimore. Savage, R. J. G. and M. R. Long. 1986. Mammal Evolution, an Illustrated Guide. Facts of File Publications, New York. 259 pp. Stains, H. J. 1984. Carnivores. Pp. 491-521 in Anderson, S. and J. K. Jones, Jr. (eds). Orders and Families of Recent Mammals of the World. John Wiley and Sons, N.Y. xii+686 pp. Vaughan, T. A. 1986. Mammalogy. Third Edition. Saunders College Publishing, Fort Worth. vii+576 pp. Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder. 1993. Mammal Species of the World, A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 2nd edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. xviii+1206 pp. |
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